The global bacteriophage market is experiencing a significant surge as the world grapples with the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Market projections suggest the sector will grow from USD 55.35 million in 2024 to USD 124.09 million by 2034, reflecting a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.44%.

What Are Bacteriophages?

Bacteriophages, often referred to as phages, are viruses that specifically infect and kill bacteria. They have gained renewed attention as a potential alternative or complement to antibiotics, especially for combatting AMR. Among the two primary infection cycles—lytic and lysogenic—only lytic phages are used in therapeutics due to their bacteria-destroying capabilities.

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Key Market Drivers

Rising Threat of AMR

The primary force propelling the bacteriophage market is the alarming rise in AMR cases. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have accelerated resistance, rendering many conventional treatments ineffective. According to a study in Environmental Sciences, global antibiotic consumption in 67 countries rose 16.3% from 2016 to 2023, and it’s projected to spike by over 52% by 2033.

Growing Focus on Personalized Medicine

As the medical field embraces precision health, bacteriophages offer a customized approach to fighting infections. Their ability to target specific bacterial strains makes them highly compatible with personalized treatments.

Technological Advancements

Modern breakthroughs in molecular biology and genetic engineering are enabling researchers to develop more potent phage-based therapies. Enhanced bioinformatics and gene-editing tools are paving the way for safer and more effective bacteriophage products.

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Market Trends and Developments

Industry Collaborations Fueling Growth

• In January 2025, PHAXIAM Therapeutics teamed up with Technophage SA to strengthen the response against AMR using a combined phage production and diagnostic platform.

• In March 2024, NexaBiome partnered with JAFRAL to scale industrial production of immobilized bacteriophage, marking a significant step toward large-scale therapeutic use.

AI’s Emerging Role in Bacteriophage Development

Artificial intelligence is poised to revolutionize bacteriophage research. From automating the bioinformatics analysis of phage genomes to customizing phages for specific bacterial strains, AI dramatically reduces development timelines and costs. It also plays a pivotal role in predicting phage-host interactions and enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.

Segmental Insights

Phage Therapeutics Lead the Way

The phage therapeutics segment dominated in 2024 due to the rising need for alternatives to antibiotics. Researchers are developing phage-based therapies for infections that resist standard treatments, making this the cornerstone of the current market.

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Phage Probiotics Gaining Traction

Phage probiotics are emerging as the fastest-growing product type. These phages enhance traditional probiotics by targeting harmful bacteria and supporting gut microbiota, which is essential for digestion, immunity, and metabolic health.

Oral Route Continues to Dominate

Oral administration was the leading route in 2024, primarily due to its ease, affordability, and patient-friendly formats like tablets and syrups. In India, for instance, oral antibiotics accounted for 95% of the total antibiotic consumption in the private sector.

Gastroenterology Leads Application Segments

Gastroenterology was the top application area in 2024. Bacteriophages are increasingly used to treat digestive infections such as cholera, Crohn’s disease, and colitis. With over 730,000 cholera cases reported globally in 2024, the need for targeted therapies is stronger than ever.

Hospital Pharmacies Hold a Major Share

Hospital pharmacies were the dominant distribution channel in 2024. Their superior infrastructure, clinical expertise, and participation in ongoing trials make them ideal venues for emerging therapies. Meanwhile, online pharmacies are gaining momentum with their convenience and accessibility, especially for elderly patients.

Regional Landscape

North America at the Helm

North America led the global bacteriophage market in 2024. The region benefits from advanced healthcare systems, high R&D spending, and robust regulatory frameworks. In the U.S., over 84 clinical trials related to phages were underway as of October 2024.

• United States: The “Healthy People 2030” initiative aims to curb infectious diseases and promote long-term health. Phage trials are gaining traction under this vision.

• Canada: With over 24 million antimicrobial prescriptions in 2024, Canada faces a pressing AMR threat. Local companies like Cytophage Therapeutics and Qeen Biotechnologies are leading phage-based solutions.

Europe Emerging as a Strong Contender

Europe is expected to witness notable growth, fueled by favorable policies and collaborations with the WHO. The MHRA in the UK introduced guidance for phage-based medicines in June 2025, offering much-needed clarity for manufacturers and developers.

• United Kingdom: Regulatory strides like MHRA’s new guidance reflect growing support for precision phage therapy.

Notable Industry Updates

• June 2025: Researchers led by Benjamin K.C. developed a nebulized, inhalable phage therapy for cystic fibrosis patients with drug-resistant lung infections.

• June 2025: SNIPR Biome dosed the first patient in a Phase 1b trial for its CRISPR-enhanced phage therapy, SNIPR001, targeting precision antimicrobial treatments.

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